Owner Manual
Page 1
Please retain this manual for purchasing the Onkyo AV Receiver. AV Receiver TX-DS595 Instruction Manual Thank you to RDS broadcasts (European models only 23 Enjoying music or videos with TX-DS595 ... 25 Using listening mode 28 Input Setup 29 Preference 32 Recording 33 Remote controller Using remote ...controller 34 Learning a pre-programming code 38 Operating your new AV Receiver. Following the instructions in the unit. ...
Please retain this manual for purchasing the Onkyo AV Receiver. AV Receiver TX-DS595 Instruction Manual Thank you to RDS broadcasts (European models only 23 Enjoying music or videos with TX-DS595 ... 25 Using listening mode 28 Input Setup 29 Preference 32 Recording 33 Remote controller Using remote ...controller 34 Learning a pre-programming code 38 Operating your new AV Receiver. Following the instructions in the unit. ...
Owner Manual
Page 3
...if not installed and used in a residential installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which the receiver is connected. • Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help. Sur les modèles dont la fiche ...and rear panels and the cabinet with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to which can find the serial number on , contact your Onkyo authorized service station. 4. FCC Information for a Class B digital device, pursuant to determine that interference will be performed only by the ...
...if not installed and used in a residential installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which the receiver is connected. • Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help. Sur les modèles dont la fiche ...and rear panels and the cabinet with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to which can find the serial number on , contact your Onkyo authorized service station. 4. FCC Information for a Class B digital device, pursuant to determine that interference will be performed only by the ...
Owner Manual
Page 5
... sure the audio rack doors do not have colored glass. FRONT SPEAKERS B AV RECEIVER MODEL NO. The STANDBY indicator lights up when the unit receives a signal from corrosion. Remote control sensor TX-DS595 STANDBY indicator 30˚ 30˚ VOLTAGE SELECTOR 120V 220-230V Installing the remote...proper remote controller operation. • If there is about six months but this switch to be pressed by pressing and sliding the cover. 2. TX-DS595 R L CAUTION: SEE INSTRUCTION MANUAL FOR CORRECT SETTING. 6 OHMS MIN. / SPEAKER 4 OHMS MIN. / SPEAKER SET BEFORE POWER ON IMPEDANCE...
... sure the audio rack doors do not have colored glass. FRONT SPEAKERS B AV RECEIVER MODEL NO. The STANDBY indicator lights up when the unit receives a signal from corrosion. Remote control sensor TX-DS595 STANDBY indicator 30˚ 30˚ VOLTAGE SELECTOR 120V 220-230V Installing the remote...proper remote controller operation. • If there is about six months but this switch to be pressed by pressing and sliding the cover. 2. TX-DS595 R L CAUTION: SEE INSTRUCTION MANUAL FOR CORRECT SETTING. 6 OHMS MIN. / SPEAKER 4 OHMS MIN. / SPEAKER SET BEFORE POWER ON IMPEDANCE...
Owner Manual
Page 6
Front panel facilities Here is an explanation of the controls and displays on the front panel of the TX-DS595. Front panel 12 3 See illustration below 4 5 6 STANDBY/ON STANDBY POWER ON OFF PHONES DISPLAY RT/PTY/TP FM MODE PRESET MEMORY TUNING A SPEAKERS B... PRESET RETURN PUSH TO ENTER SMART SCAN NAVIGATOR AUDIO SELECTOR DVD VIDEO 1 VIDEO 2 VIDEO 3 VCR TAPE FM AM PHONO C D MASTER VOLUME BASS TREBLE AV RECEIVER TX-DS595 7 8 9 0A B C D EF For all models other than European model DISPLAY DIMMER DISPLAY RT/PTY/TP FM MODE PRESET MEMORY TUNING PRESET DSP/MODE ...
Front panel facilities Here is an explanation of the controls and displays on the front panel of the TX-DS595. Front panel 12 3 See illustration below 4 5 6 STANDBY/ON STANDBY POWER ON OFF PHONES DISPLAY RT/PTY/TP FM MODE PRESET MEMORY TUNING A SPEAKERS B... PRESET RETURN PUSH TO ENTER SMART SCAN NAVIGATOR AUDIO SELECTOR DVD VIDEO 1 VIDEO 2 VIDEO 3 VCR TAPE FM AM PHONO C D MASTER VOLUME BASS TREBLE AV RECEIVER TX-DS595 7 8 9 0A B C D EF For all models other than European model DISPLAY DIMMER DISPLAY RT/PTY/TP FM MODE PRESET MEMORY TUNING PRESET DSP/MODE ...
Owner Manual
Page 7
...] Used to make settings in to turn on the TX-DS595 front panel. Each time you press the display button, the screen changes to control the volume. RDS was developed within the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and is received from the speakers. The tuner frequency is used to show...Treble adjustment is used to change listening mode settings, and more. There are used to help tune into the PHONES jack on the TX-DS595 when in most recently preset station to RT again. Front panel facilities For operational instructions, see page indicated in the direction of an ...
...] Used to make settings in to turn on the TX-DS595 front panel. Each time you press the display button, the screen changes to control the volume. RDS was developed within the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and is received from the speakers. The tuner frequency is used to show...Treble adjustment is used to change listening mode settings, and more. There are used to help tune into the PHONES jack on the TX-DS595 when in most recently preset station to RT again. Front panel facilities For operational instructions, see page indicated in the direction of an ...
Owner Manual
Page 10
...are used , replace the protective cap. • When using one component can result in the standard manner. When connecting, remove this cap. TX-DS595 R L CAUTION: SEE INSTRUCTION MANUAL FOR CORRECT SETTING. 6 OHMS MIN. / SPEAKER 4 OHMS MIN. / SPEAKER SET BEFORE POWER ON IMPEDANCE...[15] Cautions regarding the AC OUTLETS connectors [14] FRONT SPEAKERS A R L CENTER SPEAKER SURROUND SPEAKERS R L FRONT SPEAKERS B AV RECEIVER MODEL NO. Connecting antennas [17] Connecting your audio components [11] Connect to the equipment. When not using the digital inputs, make sure...
...are used , replace the protective cap. • When using one component can result in the standard manner. When connecting, remove this cap. TX-DS595 R L CAUTION: SEE INSTRUCTION MANUAL FOR CORRECT SETTING. 6 OHMS MIN. / SPEAKER 4 OHMS MIN. / SPEAKER SET BEFORE POWER ON IMPEDANCE...[15] Cautions regarding the AC OUTLETS connectors [14] FRONT SPEAKERS A R L CENTER SPEAKER SURROUND SPEAKERS R L FRONT SPEAKERS B AV RECEIVER MODEL NO. Connecting antennas [17] Connecting your audio components [11] Connect to the equipment. When not using the digital inputs, make sure...
Owner Manual
Page 15
...IMPEDANCE SELECTOR switch to circuitry, never short-circuit the positive (+) and negative (-) speaker wire. Doing so may damage the TX-DS595. 2. Front right speaker A Front left speaker A Surround right speaker Surround left speaker speaker B speaker B 15 Connecting speakers...DIGITAL INPUT FRONT SPEAKERS A R L CENTER SPEAKER SURROUND SPEAKERS R L FRONT SPEAKERS B AV RECEIVER MODEL NO. Insert wire 5. Twist wire ends very tight. 3. Unscrew 4. Connecting the speaker cable 1. TX-DS595 R L CAUTION: SEE INSTRUCTION MANUAL FOR CORRECT SETTING. 6 OHMS MIN. / SPEAKER 4 OHMS...
...IMPEDANCE SELECTOR switch to circuitry, never short-circuit the positive (+) and negative (-) speaker wire. Doing so may damage the TX-DS595. 2. Front right speaker A Front left speaker A Surround right speaker Surround left speaker speaker B speaker B 15 Connecting speakers...DIGITAL INPUT FRONT SPEAKERS A R L CENTER SPEAKER SURROUND SPEAKERS R L FRONT SPEAKERS B AV RECEIVER MODEL NO. Insert wire 5. Twist wire ends very tight. 3. Unscrew 4. Connecting the speaker cable 1. TX-DS595 R L CAUTION: SEE INSTRUCTION MANUAL FOR CORRECT SETTING. 6 OHMS MIN. / SPEAKER 4 OHMS...
Owner Manual
Page 16
... By changing the display, if an Onkyo MD recorder zconnected, the z system functions will light (same condition after step 2 below). • Before you press the STANDBY/ON button again, the receiver returns to turn on the TX-DS595. To return the TX-DS595 to off. A builtin memory power ...SMART SCAN NAVIGATOR AUDIO SELECTOR DVD VIDEO 1 VIDEO 2 VIDEO 3 VCR TAPE FM AM PHONO C D MASTER VOLUME BASS TREBLE AV RECEIVER TX-DS595 POWER To wall outlet SEND/LEARN indicator ON RCVR MODE SEND / LEARN PREPROGRAMMED & LEARNING CAPABILITY SLEEP ON STDBY DIRECT RCVR SAT MACRO...
... By changing the display, if an Onkyo MD recorder zconnected, the z system functions will light (same condition after step 2 below). • Before you press the STANDBY/ON button again, the receiver returns to turn on the TX-DS595. To return the TX-DS595 to off. A builtin memory power ...SMART SCAN NAVIGATOR AUDIO SELECTOR DVD VIDEO 1 VIDEO 2 VIDEO 3 VCR TAPE FM AM PHONO C D MASTER VOLUME BASS TREBLE AV RECEIVER TX-DS595 POWER To wall outlet SEND/LEARN indicator ON RCVR MODE SEND / LEARN PREPROGRAMMED & LEARNING CAPABILITY SLEEP ON STDBY DIRECT RCVR SAT MACRO...
Owner Manual
Page 17
...to either terminal. Release the lever. 1 2 3 Other models ANTENNA AM USA and Canadian models FM 75 Strip away the insulation from the TX-DS595, televisions, speaker cables, and power cords. During use only. Insert the wire into the hole. If the reception is not very clear with ...an outdoor antenna is recommended. When reception is not satisfactory with push pins or similar implements in the direction and position where you receive the clearest sound. Hint: Either of the split ends of distortion. Connecting the included antennas Connecting the FM indoor antenna: The...
...to either terminal. Release the lever. 1 2 3 Other models ANTENNA AM USA and Canadian models FM 75 Strip away the insulation from the TX-DS595, televisions, speaker cables, and power cords. During use only. Insert the wire into the hole. If the reception is not very clear with ...an outdoor antenna is recommended. When reception is not satisfactory with push pins or similar implements in the direction and position where you receive the clearest sound. Hint: Either of the split ends of distortion. Connecting the included antennas Connecting the FM indoor antenna: The...
Owner Manual
Page 18
... Safeguards" on page 2 when you install the outdoor antenna. Outdoor antenna ANTENNA AM (Indoor) AM loop antenna FM 75 Note: If you are using the TX-DS595 worldwide model in a region where AM frequencies are delineated by 10-kHz steps, be more effective if it in the diagram. 4. Reinstall the cover. 1 ... is dangerous to put the antenna close to the 75/300 Ω antenna adapter (For all models other . ANTENNA AM FM 75 To receiver To TV (or VCR) Connecting the antenna cable to power lines. Connecting an AM outdoor antenna An outdoor antenna will be sure to the ...
... Safeguards" on page 2 when you install the outdoor antenna. Outdoor antenna ANTENNA AM (Indoor) AM loop antenna FM 75 Note: If you are using the TX-DS595 worldwide model in a region where AM frequencies are delineated by 10-kHz steps, be more effective if it in the diagram. 4. Reinstall the cover. 1 ... is dangerous to put the antenna close to the 75/300 Ω antenna adapter (For all models other . ANTENNA AM FM 75 To receiver To TV (or VCR) Connecting the antenna cable to power lines. Connecting an AM outdoor antenna An outdoor antenna will be sure to the ...
Owner Manual
Page 19
... SCAN NAVIGATOR AUDIO SELECTOR DVD VIDEO 1 VIDEO 2 VIDEO 3 VCR TAPE FM AM PHONO C D MASTER VOLUME BASS TREBLE AV RECEIVER TX-DS595 Jog dial and indicators RETURN RETURN ENTER SEND / LEARN PREPROGRAMMED & LEARNING CAPABILITY SLEEP ON STDBY DIRECT RCVR SAT MACRO MODE CD ... SP B 8 DIMMER 0 DSP 3 DSP 6 Re-EQ 9 ZONE 2 SEARCH ENTER HOME THEATER CONTROLLER RC-447M Speaker Configuration These settings tell the TX-DS595 which speakers you go back up one level down). 2. SMALL: Select if the front speakers are . 1. SPEAKER SETUP" appears, turn the jog dial...
... SCAN NAVIGATOR AUDIO SELECTOR DVD VIDEO 1 VIDEO 2 VIDEO 3 VCR TAPE FM AM PHONO C D MASTER VOLUME BASS TREBLE AV RECEIVER TX-DS595 Jog dial and indicators RETURN RETURN ENTER SEND / LEARN PREPROGRAMMED & LEARNING CAPABILITY SLEEP ON STDBY DIRECT RCVR SAT MACRO MODE CD ... SP B 8 DIMMER 0 DSP 3 DSP 6 Re-EQ 9 ZONE 2 SEARCH ENTER HOME THEATER CONTROLLER RC-447M Speaker Configuration These settings tell the TX-DS595 which speakers you go back up one level down). 2. SMALL: Select if the front speakers are . 1. SPEAKER SETUP" appears, turn the jog dial...
Owner Manual
Page 21
... SETUP PRESET RETURN PUSH TO ENTER SMART SCAN NAVIGATOR AUDIO SELECTOR DVD VIDEO 1 VIDEO 2 VIDEO 3 VCR TAPE FM AM PHONO C D MASTER VOLUME BASS TREBLE AV RECEIVER TX-DS595 FM AM One of the features of your audio system. At this time, the station will be in mono and interstation noise will be impossible... TXDS595 provides a number of the button you desire. See pages 23 and 24 for listening to the radio and getting the most out of the TX-DS595 that you listen to frequently, you can press the TUNING or button continuously for more detailed explanation. 21
... SETUP PRESET RETURN PUSH TO ENTER SMART SCAN NAVIGATOR AUDIO SELECTOR DVD VIDEO 1 VIDEO 2 VIDEO 3 VCR TAPE FM AM PHONO C D MASTER VOLUME BASS TREBLE AV RECEIVER TX-DS595 FM AM One of the features of your audio system. At this time, the station will be in mono and interstation noise will be impossible... TXDS595 provides a number of the button you desire. See pages 23 and 24 for listening to the radio and getting the most out of the TX-DS595 that you listen to frequently, you can press the TUNING or button continuously for more detailed explanation. 21
Owner Manual
Page 22
... SETUP PRESET RETURN PUSH TO ENTER SMART SCAN NAVIGATOR AUDIO SELECTOR DVD VIDEO 1 VIDEO 2 VIDEO 3 VCR TAPE FM AM PHONO C D MASTER VOLUME BASS TREBLE AV RECEIVER TX-DS595 FM AM PRESET MEMORY Jog dial RCVR MODE CH SEND / LEARN PREPROGRAMMED & LEARNING CAPABILITY SLEEP ON STDBY DIRECT RCVR SAT MACRO MODE CD DVD CABLE...
... SETUP PRESET RETURN PUSH TO ENTER SMART SCAN NAVIGATOR AUDIO SELECTOR DVD VIDEO 1 VIDEO 2 VIDEO 3 VCR TAPE FM AM PHONO C D MASTER VOLUME BASS TREBLE AV RECEIVER TX-DS595 FM AM PRESET MEMORY Jog dial RCVR MODE CH SEND / LEARN PREPROGRAMMED & LEARNING CAPABILITY SLEEP ON STDBY DIRECT RCVR SAT MACRO MODE CD DVD CABLE...
Owner Manual
Page 23
...When an RDS station broadcasting PTY information is selected, the station type (classification) is actually displayed on the display if the TX-DS595 receives characters that broadcasts your favorite categories of FM broadcasting. TP: Traffic Program When an RDS station broadcasting TP information is a type...only on the display of the frequency. RT: Radio Text When an RDS station broadcasting RT information is selected, the text information received from past or present sales charts (e.g., Top 40). What is displayed. Education (EDUCATE): Formal educational programs. Drama (DRAMA): ...
...When an RDS station broadcasting PTY information is selected, the station type (classification) is actually displayed on the display if the TX-DS595 receives characters that broadcasts your favorite categories of FM broadcasting. TP: Traffic Program When an RDS station broadcasting TP information is a type...only on the display of the frequency. RT: Radio Text When an RDS station broadcasting RT information is selected, the text information received from past or present sales charts (e.g., Top 40). What is displayed. Education (EDUCATE): Formal educational programs. Drama (DRAMA): ...
Owner Manual
Page 24
... station, proceed to step 3. 5. Also, if "TP" is displayed, "PTY ?" Performing a PTY scan 1. FM 4. The TX-DS595 will appear when no RDS signal is being received from the station. will scan until it reaches a station of the station appears. • If "WAITING" appears on until it reaches...ENTER SMART SCAN NAVIGATOR AUDIO SELECTOR DVD VIDEO 1 VIDEO 2 VIDEO 3 VCR TAPE FM AM PHONO C D MASTER VOLUME BASS TREBLE AV RECEIVER TX-DS595 FM Displaying Radio Text (RT) If the station you are listening to is not an RDS station, only the frequency of the program ...
... station, proceed to step 3. 5. Also, if "TP" is displayed, "PTY ?" Performing a PTY scan 1. FM 4. The TX-DS595 will appear when no RDS signal is being received from the station. will scan until it reaches a station of the station appears. • If "WAITING" appears on until it reaches...ENTER SMART SCAN NAVIGATOR AUDIO SELECTOR DVD VIDEO 1 VIDEO 2 VIDEO 3 VCR TAPE FM AM PHONO C D MASTER VOLUME BASS TREBLE AV RECEIVER TX-DS595 FM Displaying Radio Text (RT) If the station you are listening to is not an RDS station, only the frequency of the program ...
Owner Manual
Page 25
...press the SPEAKERS A button. (Refer to this page.) 5. Start playing the selected input source. Enjoying music or videos with the TX-DS595 DISPLAY SPEAKERS A/B Jog dial MASTER VOLUME STANDBY/ON STANDBY POWER ON OFF PHONES DISPLAY DIMMER FM MODE PRESET MEMORY TUNING A SPEAKERS B ...SMART SCAN NAVIGATOR AUDIO SELECTOR DVD VIDEO 1 VIDEO 2 VIDEO 3 VCR TAPE FM AM PHONO C D MASTER VOLUME BASS TREBLE AV RECEIVER TX-DS595 RCVR MODE Input source buttons BASS TREBLE SP A DISPLAY SEND / LEARN PREPROGRAMMED & LEARNING CAPABILITY SLEEP ON STDBY DIRECT RCVR SAT ...
...press the SPEAKERS A button. (Refer to this page.) 5. Start playing the selected input source. Enjoying music or videos with the TX-DS595 DISPLAY SPEAKERS A/B Jog dial MASTER VOLUME STANDBY/ON STANDBY POWER ON OFF PHONES DISPLAY DIMMER FM MODE PRESET MEMORY TUNING A SPEAKERS B ...SMART SCAN NAVIGATOR AUDIO SELECTOR DVD VIDEO 1 VIDEO 2 VIDEO 3 VCR TAPE FM AM PHONO C D MASTER VOLUME BASS TREBLE AV RECEIVER TX-DS595 RCVR MODE Input source buttons BASS TREBLE SP A DISPLAY SEND / LEARN PREPROGRAMMED & LEARNING CAPABILITY SLEEP ON STDBY DIRECT RCVR SAT ...
Owner Manual
Page 26
... SPEAKERS A indicator lights up . While, the sleep function is left and right speakers. When the speakers are turned on the TX-DS595. Switching the display While listening to turn off the speakers connected to the FRONT SPEAKERS, CENTER SPEAKER, SURROUND SPEAKERS, and SUBWOOFER ...ENTER SMART SCAN NAVIGATOR AUDIO SELECTOR DVD VIDEO 1 VIDEO 2 VIDEO 3 VCR TAPE FM AM PHONO C D MASTER VOLUME BASS TREBLE AV RECEIVER TX-DS595 SLEEP RCVR MODE CH SEL AUDIO AUDIO SELECTOR BASS TREBLE SP A, B DISPLAY SEND / LEARN PREPROGRAMMED & LEARNING CAPABILITY SLEEP ON STDBY DIRECT...
... SPEAKERS A indicator lights up . While, the sleep function is left and right speakers. When the speakers are turned on the TX-DS595. Switching the display While listening to turn off the speakers connected to the FRONT SPEAKERS, CENTER SPEAKER, SURROUND SPEAKERS, and SUBWOOFER ...ENTER SMART SCAN NAVIGATOR AUDIO SELECTOR DVD VIDEO 1 VIDEO 2 VIDEO 3 VCR TAPE FM AM PHONO C D MASTER VOLUME BASS TREBLE AV RECEIVER TX-DS595 SLEEP RCVR MODE CH SEL AUDIO AUDIO SELECTOR BASS TREBLE SP A, B DISPLAY SEND / LEARN PREPROGRAMMED & LEARNING CAPABILITY SLEEP ON STDBY DIRECT...
Owner Manual
Page 33
...the tape deck and the receiver as recording the video from a video camera connected to VIDEO 2 and the audio from the newly selected input source. • You cannot record the surround effects. • You cannot perform digital recording with the TX-DS595. Load a disc in the... TO ENTER SMART SCAN NAVIGATOR AUDIO SELECTOR DVD VIDEO 1 VIDEO 2 VIDEO 3 VCR TAPE FM AM PHONO C D MASTER VOLUME BASS TREBLE AV RECEIVER TX-DS595 Input source buttons The TX-DS595 can be recorded onto a VCR (VIDEO 1). 1. DVD VIDEO 1 VIDEO 2 VIDEO 3 TAPE FM AM PHONO C D VCR Tip: If you...
...the tape deck and the receiver as recording the video from a video camera connected to VIDEO 2 and the audio from the newly selected input source. • You cannot record the surround effects. • You cannot perform digital recording with the TX-DS595. Load a disc in the... TO ENTER SMART SCAN NAVIGATOR AUDIO SELECTOR DVD VIDEO 1 VIDEO 2 VIDEO 3 VCR TAPE FM AM PHONO C D MASTER VOLUME BASS TREBLE AV RECEIVER TX-DS595 Input source buttons The TX-DS595 can be recorded onto a VCR (VIDEO 1). 1. DVD VIDEO 1 VIDEO 2 VIDEO 3 TAPE FM AM PHONO C D VCR Tip: If you...
Owner Manual
Page 50
...• Turntable and speakers are located too close together. © Move them farther apart. Contact your Onkyo Service Center. SPEAKERS No sound from TV set. Noise is heard at high-pitched sounds on AM stations...Change the position or direction of the outdoor antenna. FM/AM TUNER AM stations cannot be received. • AM loop antenna is heard. Buzzing noise on the power to any mode ... the outlet and then plug it off immediately after power on the front panel of the TX-DS595 to make sure that has better directivity and select a point where distortion is not set to...
...• Turntable and speakers are located too close together. © Move them farther apart. Contact your Onkyo Service Center. SPEAKERS No sound from TV set. Noise is heard at high-pitched sounds on AM stations...Change the position or direction of the outdoor antenna. FM/AM TUNER AM stations cannot be received. • AM loop antenna is heard. Buzzing noise on the power to any mode ... the outlet and then plug it off immediately after power on the front panel of the TX-DS595 to make sure that has better directivity and select a point where distortion is not set to...
Owner Manual
Page 51
.... © Check that the DOLBY DIGITAL indicator lights up on extremely rare occasions, noise or interference from S VIDEO OUT. The TX-DS595 contains an internal microcomputer that compose your entertainment system. If this occurs, unplug the power cord from the wall outlet, wait five...in a different mode © Press the RCVR MODE button. "NOT AVAILABLE WITH THIS SIGNAL" This operation cannot be connected to receive the output signals from the TX-DS595. © Operate the remote controller within 5 meters (16 feet). • Remote controller is only enabled for Analog/PCM sources ...
.... © Check that the DOLBY DIGITAL indicator lights up on extremely rare occasions, noise or interference from S VIDEO OUT. The TX-DS595 contains an internal microcomputer that compose your entertainment system. If this occurs, unplug the power cord from the wall outlet, wait five...in a different mode © Press the RCVR MODE button. "NOT AVAILABLE WITH THIS SIGNAL" This operation cannot be connected to receive the output signals from the TX-DS595. © Operate the remote controller within 5 meters (16 feet). • Remote controller is only enabled for Analog/PCM sources ...